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there's something mysterious about the

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universe intriguing fascinating

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what's really out there how did it all

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come about

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are the stars just like our son perhaps

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some with planets and some of those with

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life and maybe some of that life like us

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we look at stars and theorize what's

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going on

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we've only a handful of facts each one

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paid for with years of observing

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starlight but stars send us a lot more

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than just light stars are sources of

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incredible amounts of energy and this

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energy is broadcast throughout the

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universe as light radio waves X and M

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arrays and cosmic particles and these

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energies tell us about startling objects

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in the universe quasars that look like

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large stars but produce more energy than

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ten thousand billion stars pulsars the

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collapsed remnants of supernova

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explosions that sweep beams of energy

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across space like a lighthouse beacon

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black holes huge massive scars that have

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collapsed to something perhaps five

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miles across and so dense that even

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light can't escape they're tremendously

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the recent discoveries of these bizarre

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and exciting objects have led to

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revolutionary new theories about energy

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matter and the origin of the universe

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these discoveries may shake the very

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foundations of science carrying

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scientists beyond atomic and nuclear

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why all this excitement it's as if we've

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discovered a new universe in fact in the

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past few years we've learned more about

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some of the things going on out there

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than in 3000 years spent gazing at

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up until this century all astronomy was

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done by human eyes and telescopes but

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the human eye can't see high-energy and

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even if the human eye could see

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high-energy the high-energy universe is

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hidden from us by the Earth's blank

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atmosphere light and radio waves pass

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through the atmosphere fairly easily but

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the electromagnetic spectrum covers an

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extremely broad range of energy waves

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including x-rays and gamma rays which

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are absorbed by water and other

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molecules in our atmosphere we have to

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get above the atmosphere and use special

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instruments to conduct high-energy

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astronomy investigations and this is

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exactly what we're doing

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NASA is cooperating with leading

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scientific institutions and industrial

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firms across the nation and Western

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Europe in constructing a series of three

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high-energy astronomy observatories heõs

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they will be launched in 1977 78 and 79

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most of the stars that we've seen our

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universe burned by burning nuclear fuel

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there are ever stars and galaxies in

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which energy is released in much greater

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amounts that occurs in our own Sun and

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the energy release occurs very suddenly

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we call these events explosions

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occurring in stars and galaxies what

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causes these explosions what physical

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processes go on that produced them and

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what is the role of explosions over

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explosive events in the creation and

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evolution of the universe is the proper

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field of study for high energy

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astrophysics great breakthroughs and

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physics come once in a generation the

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practical benefits often come a

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generation later 50 years ago we were

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concerned about atomic physics now we

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have nuclear energy and many other

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benefits to mankind solid-state physics

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we don't know where high-energy

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astronomy is going to take us it will

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enable us to test general relativity in

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ways which have never been available to

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us before it will give us an entirely

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new look at the universe we can't afford

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x-ray astronomy really began in 1962

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with rocket launches and the discovery

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by 1969 we had detected sources to the

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far ends of the universe rockets have a

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very short time above the atmosphere and

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we need to be in that position to make

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x-ray observations pinpointing of the

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sources and the exact location was

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difficult to ascertain in such a short

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time therefore NASA decided in 1970 to

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launch a small astronomy satellite to

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take a more penetrating look at all the

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x-ray sources that could be discovered

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with such a primitive instrument as well

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as available to us at that time out of

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the small satellite observations doctor

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giacconi and his group of scientists

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developed this map it consists now of

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about 160 sources most of which are

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located in our own galaxy the study of

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stellar evolution tells us that the

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Stars spend most of their life quietly

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burning away their nuclear fuels as if

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they were giant reactors in which the

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hydrogen trust mutes into helium when

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and the helium and carbon and so forth

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once all of their nuclear fuels are

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burned very dramatic changes occur

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particularly stars which are more

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massive than our own Sun what happens is

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that the force of gravity acting on the

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outer layer of the stars can no longer

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be balanced by the pressure of the

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heat inside and therefore the outer

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layers collapse lag behind and then are

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explosively ejected and we have what we

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call a supernova explosion on July 4th

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1054 ad a spectacular supernova was

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recorded by American Indians and Chinese

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astronomers this supernova produced the

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Crab Nebula but it wasn't until 1968

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that radio telescopes found a very small

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blue star pulsing in the center of the

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Crab Nebula at first the regularity of

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the pulsations they were observing led

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them to think that this might be signals

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from a an intelligent civilization

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trying to communicate with us it was

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later decided that these were natural

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signals produced by collapsed star a

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pulsar found at the center the remnant

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of the supernova explosion what we think

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happens in a supernova explosion is that

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as the nuclear fuel is burned the outer

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layer of the star start collapsing

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toward the center if the star is very

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massive there is no force that we know

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that can prevent it from being crushed

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to about ten kilometer size retaining

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the same mass this is like crushing the

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earth into the size of a football field

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as it gets smaller it spins faster and

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since the amount of matter is

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essentially the same as when it was a

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larger star it's magnetic and

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gravitational fields are still as great

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in fact they are tremendous compared to

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it's now very compact size in a neutron

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star the collapse stops when the atoms

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have been crushed together to such an

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extent that instead of having separate

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protons and electrons we have a neutron

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souq now if a neutron star is an orbit

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around a normal star like the pair of

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stars in Hercules

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then as the normal companion loses mass

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the gravity from the compressed star

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captures the matter from its neighbor as

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the matter falls into the magnetic poles

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of the neutron star it heats up to very

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high temperatures and shoots out a

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stream of energy X and gamma rays that

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our satellite observatories will be able

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to record but why does it appear to be

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pulsating when the magnetic poles are

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not the axis of rotation every time the

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star rotates the stream of energy is

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swept through space and appears to us as

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but in nature theories of gravitation

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tell us they can be even more exciting

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objects obviously which are so massive

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that the collapse does not stop at that

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point and continues this is a black hole

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our black holes are may exist in nature

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in very large numbers there may be very

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large masses small masses for instance

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there could be a very large black hole

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at the center of our own galaxy which

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accretes gas and dust as if it were a

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Oppenheimer predicted as early as 1930

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that the endpoint of stellar evolution

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had to be a black hole if the original

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star is massive enough when it collapses

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everything is crushed under the

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tremendous gravitational force - some

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sort of basic super dense form

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resembling primeval matter its gravity

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becomes so strong even light could not

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escape the neighbourhood of this black

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hole and if no light or other energy

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escapes it we can't see it we call it a

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black hole in space matter and energy

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are sucked in but nothing ever comes out

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in 1972 as we were scanning the sky in

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search of x-ray sources with the

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instruments of all the Uhuru satellite

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we noticed a very rapidly flickering

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storm and by studying its x-ray emitting

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characteristic we concluded that we had

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the best candidate for a possible black

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hole that stars becomes a very

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intensively studied and it's very well

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one of the fascinating questions in

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astrophysics is how the tremendous

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amount of energy we should release from

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Cygnus x1 is actually produced here on

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earth if I took this tone and dropped it

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they stone would acquire certain amount

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of kinetic energy and as he drops

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through the ground will make a little

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dent but that energy of course is very

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small I took the same stone and I'd

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burned it in a nuclear reactor then I

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could get much more energy if I drop

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this stone in a black hole the amount of

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energy which is afar there's many many

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times what I could acquire by burning

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there says nuclear fuel and that is the

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origin of the energy release in Cygnus

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x1 but we think we have discovered

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something outside our own Milky Way

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galaxy even more energetic than the

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quasars are the most violently energetic

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objects in our amazing universe if we

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believe the redshifts they tell us that

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the most distant quasars are near the

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edge of the universe

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measuring redshifts is a method that

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astronomers use for determining the

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speed which a distant object such as a

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star or quasar is traveling light is

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energy waves and in the visible range

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shorter waves are blue and longer ones

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red now if a source of light were moving

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toward us

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then the light waves would crowd up get

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shorter and the source would look blue

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when we look at a quasar we see it

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moving away the waves are stretched and

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it appears to shift to the red this

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phenomena is called the Doppler shift

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quasars have been detected with red

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shifts that correspond to 90% of the

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was observed to flare to more than

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10,000 times the brightness of the Milky

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Way in about 13 days that means that

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it's size is something like 13 light

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days compared to a thousand hundred

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thousand light years for the Milky Way

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nuclear energy is no explanation for

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that kind of phenomenon we believe some

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form of gravitational collapse

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perhaps a super massive black hole a

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hundred million Suns collapsed to a

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black hole may be involved we don't know

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whether quasars are some link in the

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normal evolution of galaxies or

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something totally apart as a result of

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these astounding finding the National

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Academy of Sciences put more emphasis

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and high priority on additional studies

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and observations NASA decided to

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initiate a new program of larger more

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sophisticated satellites the heal

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program equipment for the three hero

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missions is now being assembled across

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the country by men and women in

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scientific educational and government

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installations

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this equipment consists of large and

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sensitive x-ray gamma ray and cosmic ray

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what we plan to do with the heõs is

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launched three different observatories

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in 1977 1978 and 1979

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they'll be launched by rockets from the

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Kennedy Space Center in Florida

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each Observatory will weigh 7,000 pounds

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and there'll be two major sections of

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each Observatory they'll be the

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experiment module and a spacecraft

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module when they're flying they'll

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actually be joined together the

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spacecraft module will provide all the

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necessary housekeeping functions for the

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experiments keeping them at the right

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temperature providing them with

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electricity collecting the data that the

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experiments observe on-orbit

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and then taking that data and radioing

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it to the ground for the waiting

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he oh I will rotate slowly so that over

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a six month period of time we will scan

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the entire cosmos marking a map of all

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the x-ray objects that can be observed

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when that map from he Oh a is developed

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he OB will then be launched the he OB

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x-ray telescope will actually point at

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various objects that have been

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identified on he Oh a so they may be

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studied in great detail by correlating

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these x-ray observations were those of

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optical astronomers we will better

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understand these fascinating objects and

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events in our universe he OC will be

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launched in 1979 and be quite similar to

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Keowee

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it however will carry a cosmic and

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gamma-ray payload and again do an

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in the last few years we have began to

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increasingly realize the importance of

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explosive events occurring impulses

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black holes and lasers in the birth and

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death of stars and galactic system and

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in their evolution whenever these

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conditions occur in cosmic objects

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high-energy photons and eye energy

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particles are produced and this can best

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be detected with eye energy astronomy

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instrumentation therefore high-energy

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strongly is a particular role to play in

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the study of explosive events in the

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universe as a whole what we hope to

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achieve the National Observatory

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facility that will help us understand

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man's role in the universe and the

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sources of the energies and the

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we barely understand our universe once

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thought of place of quiet Majesty now is

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known to be a bursting hotbed of forces

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and energies more violence than we ever

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dreamed with he oh we are opening a new

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window to see this new universe face to